November 14, 2023
🤯Last day revision ℹ️Ⓜ️🅿️Questions ⌛2 hours, 50 marks
✔️ Instructions**:** Attempt any five questions in about 300 words each. Answer at least two questions from each section.
❓ Discuss the behavioural approaches to psychopathology.
🅰️ Behavioral approaches to psychopathology focus on observable behaviors rather than underlying thoughts or emotions. These perspectives emphasize the role of learning, conditioning, and environmental factors in the development and maintenance of psychological disorders. Techniques such as classical and operant conditioning, modeling, and exposure therapy are commonly employed to modify maladaptive behaviors. Behavioral therapies often target specific symptoms and aim to replace undesirable behaviors with more adaptive ones, promoting positive changes in an individual's overall mental health. These approaches are particularly effective for conditions like phobias, anxiety disorders, and certain forms of addiction.
❓ Explain the concept of normality and abnormality.
🅰️ The concept of normality and abnormality in psychology is subjective and context-dependent. It involves assessing behavior, thoughts, and emotions based on societal, cultural, and individual norms. Normality typically refers to behavior that aligns with prevailing social expectations, while abnormality denotes deviations from these norms. However, these distinctions are fluid, as cultural diversity and changing societal norms influence what is considered normal. Psychopathology is often defined by the degree of impairment or distress a behavior causes to an individual's functioning. Thus, the assessment of normality and abnormality requires a nuanced understanding of cultural context, individual differences, and the impact of behavior on one's well-being.
❓ Differentiate between predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors in the causation of psychopathology.
🅰️ Predisposing factors are pre-existing vulnerabilities or conditions that increase the likelihood of developing psychopathology, such as genetic predispositions or early life experiences. Precipitating factors are events or circumstances that trigger the onset of a psychological disorder, often serving as a catalyst for its manifestation. Perpetuating factors are conditions or behaviors that contribute to the continuation or exacerbation of a disorder once it has developed, sustaining the symptoms over time. Understanding these distinctions helps in comprehensive assessments and targeted interventions in the prevention and treatment of psychopathological conditions.
❓ Explain different types of attachment styles.
🅰️ Attachment theory outlines four main attachment styles: 🔘Secure Attachment: Individuals with secure attachment feel comfortable both in emotional intimacy and autonomy. They trust their caregivers, express their emotions openly, and feel secure in relationships. 🔘Anxious-Preoccupied Attachment: People with this style seek high levels of intimacy, worry about potential abandonment, and may be overly dependent on their partners. They often have low self-esteem and fear rejection. 🔘Dismissive-Avoidant Attachment: Individuals with dismissive-avoidant attachment downplay the importance of emotional intimacy and may appear emotionally distant. They often value independence and may have difficulty trusting others.🔘Fearful-Avoidant Attachment (Disorganized): This style combines anxious and avoidant tendencies. Individuals may desire close relationships but fear getting hurt. They may exhibit erratic behaviors in relationships. These attachment styles, formed in early childhood, significantly influence how individuals approach and experience relationships throughout their lives.
❓ What is clinical interview?
🅰️ A clinical interview is a structured conversation between a mental health professional (such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or counselor) and an individual seeking assistance. It serves as a primary method for gathering information about the individual's psychological well-being, including symptoms, personal history, and current functioning. The interview allows the clinician to assess the person's mental health, diagnose potential disorders, and formulate an appropriate treatment plan. It often involves open-ended questions to explore thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, helping to establish rapport and gather a comprehensive understanding of the individual's unique circumstances.
❓ Describe the three phases in cognitive behaviour therapy.